Fallacies of Presumption

This fallacy include begging the question, complex question, false dichotomy, and suppressed evidence. This fallacies arise because the premises presume what they purport to prove.

15. Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)
Committed whenever the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion by leaving out a possible false (shaky) premise, by restating possibly false premiseas the conclusiuon or by reasoning in a circle. There are 3 types this fallacy can occur.

a. leaving out a possible false key premise
It is the most common form for this fallacy. It leaves out a possible false key premise out of the argument while creating the illusion that nothing more is needed to establish the conclsion.
Example: Murder is morally wrong. This being the case, it follows that abortion is morally worong.
b. Paraphrasing
The conclsion of the argument merelt restates a possible false premise in slightly different language.
Example: Anyone who preaches revolution has a vision of the future for the simple reason that if a person has no vision of the future he could could not possible preach revolution.
c. Circular Reasoning
In a chain of inferences the first premise is possibly false.
Example: Ford Motor Company clearly produces the fnist cars in the US. We know they produce the finest cars because they have the best design engineers. This is true because they can afford to pay them more that other manufacturers. Obviously they can afford to pay them more because they produce the finest cars in the US.
16. Complex Question
It is committed when 2 or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is then given to both of them.

Example:
Have you stopped cheating on exams?
Where did you hide the marijuana you were smoking?

17. False Dichotomy (dilemma)
When a disjunctive ("either...or...") premise presents 2 unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available, and the arguer then eliminates the undesirable alternative, leaving the desirable one as the conclusion.

Example: Either you let me attenf the Dixie Chicks concert ot I'll me miserable for the rest of my life. I know you dont want me to be miserable for the rest of my life, so it follows that you'll let me attend the concert.

18. Suppresed Evidence
Occurs when the arguer ignores important evidence that requires a different conclusion.

Example: Most dogs are friendly and pose no threat to people who pet them. Therefore, it would be safe to pet the little dog that is approaching us now.

*if the arguer ignores the fact that the little dog is excited and foaming in the mouth, then the argument commits the suppressed evidence fallacy